The Mediterranean Sea and its surrounding areas have recorded approximately 100 tsunami events since the early 20th century, accounting for about 10% of all such occurrences worldwide. Although this region is historically considered relatively safe, scientists warn that even small waves can pose a serious threat to densely populated coastal areas.
The causes of tsunamis are usually powerful earthquakes or volcanic eruptions that can generate a series of waves. The first wave is not necessarily the strongest, and the main danger comes from strong surges that can flood ports, threaten vacationers, and cause significant damage to infrastructure.
Among the most vulnerable areas, experts identify several "hot spots." The highest risk is observed in Greece, especially around the island of Crete, the Aegean Sea, and the Hellenic Arc, where the African tectonic plate interacts with the Eurasian plate. A notable historical example is the earthquake of 365 AD in Crete, which triggered a massive tsunami that affected the eastern Mediterranean.
Areas of heightened danger also include southern Italy, including Sicily and the Strait of Messina, where an earthquake in 1908 caused a tsunami with waves up to 13 meters high. There is also a risk along the coast of Spain, particularly around the Balearic Islands and Valencia, as well as along the shores of Algeria and Morocco in North Africa.
Off the coast of Portugal, where the African and Eurasian tectonic plates meet, there is also a tsunami risk. Although the likelihood of large waves here is lower than in the seismically active zones of the Pacific Ocean, the threat remains.
Western Turkey, especially the Aegean coast near Izmir and the Bodrum Peninsula, is considered an area of increased seismic activity where small tsunamis may occur. A moderate risk also persists along the southern coast of France, including Nice, Marseille, and Toulon.
The peculiarity of the Mediterranean Sea lies in its relatively small size. This means that tsunamis can reach the shores within 20–40 minutes after an earthquake, significantly reducing the time for warning and evacuation.
Currently, countries in the region participate in UNESCO's tsunami warning system (NEAMTWS). France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Portugal also have their own national monitoring and warning centers that can quickly inform about potential threats.
Experts note that the highest tectonic activity is recorded in the eastern Mediterranean — off the coasts of Greece, Turkey, and Italy. The central part of the region is assessed as having a moderate risk, while the western part is lower; however, the possibility of a tsunami cannot be completely ruled out.
