According to a UNICEF study, approximately one in three children aged one to 14 in this region is subjected to corporal punishment, which is administered by parents or guardians. Psychological aggression affects between 36% and 69% of children in 15 countries for which data is available. Often, these forms of violent "discipline" are used simultaneously.
By 2025, 39 countries in Europe and Central Asia have already banned corporal punishment under any circumstances. However, despite the existence of legislation and growing awareness of the harm, violence in upbringing continues to be a common phenomenon. More than 90% of parents do not consider physical punishment and psychological aggression necessary, yet many still resort to them.
Changing the Risk of Physical Punishment by Age
Data shows that the level of physical punishment typically increases in early childhood, peaking at ages three to four, and then begins to decline, especially among children aged 10-14.However, such disciplinary methods can negatively impact a child's sense of safety, brain development, and learning, increasing the likelihood of emotional and behavioral problems.
Factors Contributing to Violence
In all countries for which data is available, boys are more likely to be victims of physical punishment than girls. The difference in cases of psychological aggression is less pronounced, but boys still suffer somewhat more frequently. This confirms the influence of gender stereotypes, which suggest that boys need stricter control.Additionally, children with disabilities experience physical violence more often than their peers without disabilities, highlighting the need for inclusive protective measures.
Ensuring a Safe Childhood for All Children
Violent discipline can have lasting emotional and psychological consequences for children.It is important to note that most parents do not intend to cause harm, and this is often a result of stress, adverse social norms, and a lack of support.
This underscores that violence can be prevented.Clear laws, resources for their implementation, effective monitoring, and, importantly, preventive work are needed. Programs for parents, teachers, and specialists should focus on promoting non-violent parenting methods, as UNICEF experts believe.
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